# KLOW Peptide References — Full Citation Record for the Four-Peptide Research Blend

> Complete citation record for the KLOW peptide research record — KPV, GHK-Cu, BPC-157 and TB-500 component studies cited across this site, with DOIs and PubMed links.

## The full record

All citations used across this site are indexed below. Every quantitative claim on every page maps to a numbered citation here. Citations are organized by component — each light of the aurora — followed by the blend-level and regulatory record. See [KLOW research](/research) for the full mechanism narrative.

## KLOW references: regulatory and blend-level

**[1]** World Anti-Doping Agency. 2024 Prohibited List: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics (S2). WADA. 2024. URL: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list

**[2]** Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. *Sports Med.* 2026. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/

## KPV references

**[3]** Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. *Gastroenterology.* 2008;134(1):166-178. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026. PMID: 18061177. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/

**[12]** Viennois E, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, et al. Critical Role of PepT1 in Promoting Colitis-Associated Cancer and Therapeutic Benefits of the Anti-inflammatory PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV in a Murine Model. *Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol.* 2016;2(3):340-357. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.006. PMID: 27458604. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27458604/

**[13]** Zhang Q, et al. Self-Cross-Linked Hydrogel of Cysteamine-Grafted gamma-Polyglutamic Acid Stabilized Tripeptide KPV for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease. *ACS Biomater Sci Eng.* 2021;7(10):4938-4949. DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00792. PMID: 34547895. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34547895/

**[14]** Zhou F, et al. In situ mucoadhesive hydrogel capturing tripeptide KPV: the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and repairing effect. *Biomater Sci.* 2022;10(7):1644-1655. DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01466h. PMID: 34846053. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34846053/

## GHK-Cu references

**[4]** Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. *BioMed Research International.* 2015;2015:648108. DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108. PMID: 26236730. URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4508379/

**[5]** Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. *Int J Mol Sci.* 2018;19(7):1987. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071987. PMID: 29986520. URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/

## BPC-157 references

**[6]** Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. *J Mol Med (Berl).* 2017;95:323-333. DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y. PMID: 27847966. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847966/

**[7]** Chang CH, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. *Molecules.* 2014;19:19066-19077. DOI: 10.3390/molecules191119066. PMID: 25415472. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415472/

**[9]** Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. *J Orthop Res.* 2003;21:976-983. DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(03)00110-4. PMID: 14554208. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14554208/

**[10]** Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. *Altern Ther Health Med.* 2025;31(5):20-24. PMID: 40131143. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/

**[11]** Wang Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. *Front Pharmacol.* 2022;13:1026182. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026182. PMID: 36588717. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36588717/

## TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 references

**[8]** Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. *J Invest Dermatol.* 1999. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x. PMID: 10469335. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/

**[15]** Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. *Expert Opin Biol Ther.* 2012. DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.634793. PMID: 22074294. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/

## References

[1] World Anti-Doping Agency. 2024 Prohibited List: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics (S2). WADA. 2024. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list
[2] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[3] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/
[4] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4508379/
[5] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/
[6] Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847966/
[7] Chang CH, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19:19066-19077. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415472/
[8] Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[9] Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21:976-983. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14554208/
[10] Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025;31(5):20-24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/
[11] Wang Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36588717/
[12] Viennois E, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, et al. Critical Role of PepT1 in Promoting Colitis-Associated Cancer and Therapeutic Benefits of the Anti-inflammatory PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV in a Murine Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2(3):340-357. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27458604/
[13] Zhang Q, et al. Self-Cross-Linked Hydrogel of Cysteamine-Grafted gamma-Polyglutamic Acid Stabilized Tripeptide KPV for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021;7(10):4938-4949. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34547895/
[14] Zhou F, et al. In situ mucoadhesive hydrogel capturing tripeptide KPV: the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and repairing effect. Biomater Sci. 2022;10(7):1644-1655. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34846053/
[15] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/

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Four lights in one polar sky — a cited editorial record of the component research, the honest gap kept dark.